Received: by alpheratz.cpm.aca.mmu.ac.uk id MAA08820 (8.6.9/5.3[ref pg@gmsl.co.uk] for cpm.aca.mmu.ac.uk from fmb-majordomo@mmu.ac.uk); Tue, 27 Feb 2001 12:58:48 GMT Subject: Fwd: In Dawn of Society, Dance Was Center Stage Date: Tue, 27 Feb 2001 07:54:33 -0500 x-sender: wsmith1@camail2.harvard.edu x-mailer: Claris Emailer 2.0v3, Claritas Est Veritas From: "Wade T.Smith" <wade_smith@harvard.edu> To: "Memetics Discussion List" <memetics@mmu.ac.uk> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Message-ID: <20010227125433.AAA3411@camailp.harvard.edu@[205.240.180.155]> Sender: fmb-majordomo@mmu.ac.uk Precedence: bulk Reply-To: memetics@mmu.ac.uk
In Dawn of Society, Dance Was Center Stage
By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/27/science/27DANC.html
No one will ever know when someone first raised arms into the air,
pivoted and took a few light steps this way and that ‹ and danced.
The birds and bees, those exhibitionists, were doing it their way long
before. Some mammals were already courting through an unspoken poetry of
motion. Humans may have been newcomers, but dancing as self-expression
probably developed early in their cultural evolution, perhaps as early as
speech and language and almost certainly by the time people were painting
on cave walls, making clay figurines and decorating their bodies with
ornaments.
Archaeologists are at a loss to know the origins of dancing in prehistory
because they lack direct evidence, nothing comparable to the art of
Altamira or Lascaux. The best they have been able to do is extrapolate
back from the ritual dances practiced by hunter-gatherer societies that
have survived into modern times.
An Israeli archaeologist now thinks he has pieced together a significant
body of evidence for dancing, if not at its beginning, at least at a
decisive and poorly understood transitional stage of human culture.
Examining more than 400 examples of carved stone and painted scenes on
pottery from 140 sites in the Balkans and the Middle East, Dr. Yosef
Garfinkel of Hebrew University in Jerusalem has established what he says
is an illustrated record of dancing from 9,000 to 5,000 years ago. This
record, apparently the earliest of its kind, coincides with the place and
time hunters of wild game and gatherers of wild plant food first settled
into villages and became pastoralists and farmers.
It may take imagination to see in these depictions the choreographic
ancestry of Astaire and Rogers or the Bolshoi. Some show only stick
figures with triangular heads, and some headless, in highly schematic
scenes that appear to be dances. Others include figures in a dynamic
posture, usually with bent arms and legs. Several scenes depict people in
a line or completely circling an illustrated vessel, their hands linked.
There is some resemblance here to current folk dancing or even a Broadway
chorus line.
The prevalence of what appear to be dancing scenes in the earliest art
from the ancient Middle East, Dr. Garfinkel said in a recent interview,
suggests the importance of the dance in these preliterate agricultural
communities.
"Dancing was a means of social communication in prestate societies," he
said. "It was part of the ritual for coordinating a community's
activities. `Hey, it's time to plant the wheat or harvest it.' So
everyone would gather and dance, and the next day they would go to work."
Then with the emergence of states ruled by kings and bureaucracies and
the invention of writing, all occurring in the region some 5,000 years
ago, dancing scenes all but disappeared from pottery. People still
presumably danced, Dr. Garfinkel said, but "the dancing motif had lost
its importance in society."
In the just-completed manuscript of a book on dance in the beginning of
farming, Dr. Garfinkel writes: "In periods before schools and writing,
community rituals, symbolized by dance, were the basic mechanisms for
conveying education and knowledge to the adult members of the community
and from one generation to the next.
The lengthy duration of dance depiction as a dominant artistic motif,
together with its dispersion across broad geographical expanses from west
Pakistan to the Danube basin testify to the efficiency of the dancing
motif as one of the most powerful symbols in the evolution of human
societies."
Although Dr. Garfinkel has been collecting and evaluating this evidence
for eight years, his interpretation is new to many art historians and
archaeologists. An early version of the idea was summarized in 1998 in an
article in The Cambridge Archaeological Journal of England. Several
scholars said the suggested link between dance and social communication
in preliterate societies was intriguing and reasonable, though not proved.
"I think Garfinkel is on the right track," said Dr. Kent V. Flannery, an
archaeologist at the University of Michigan who specializes in early
agriculture.
Dr. Andrew M. T. Moore, an archaeologist and dean of liberal arts at the
Rochester Institute of Technology, said he found the hypothesis
interesting and worth further study. But he cautioned against any hasty
acceptance of it.
"I would be skeptical of any attempt to go beyond the depictions to
actually reconstruct social behavior," said Dr. Moore, who has excavated
an early agricultural community in Syria. "The scenes are extremely
difficult to interpret. In the absence of a written record, we must be
cautious in saying what people were doing and thinking."
Both agreed that dance predated this pottery art by a great stretch of
time, and that it probably had long had a social function beyond mere
entertainment.
Dr. Flannery made a case for why rituals, including dancing, might have
been especially important to what he called intermediate societies. (No
one has seriously proposed that the availability of beer, discovered in
the same period by clever barley farmers, had set off millennial
bacchanals.)
For many thousands of years before they settled down, the thinking goes,
people were nomadic hunter- gatherers who lived in small groups more like
extended families. Once some of them in the Middle East settled into
year-round camps, more than 10,000 years ago, they took up farming and
congregated in village communities of as many as 200 people representing
several families.
Seeking more inclusive bonds, Dr. Flannery suggested, they probably
"invented a fictional common ancestor as a way to integrate the
community." This practice, he noted, had been observed in the Pueblo
villages of the American Southwest. The villagers believed they were all
descended from a common supernatural ancestor like the Great Coyote or
the Great Eagle, and so all had an obligation to one another. Their
rituals and dances, often elaborate, reinforced these beliefs.
"Without strong leadership," he said, "ritual systems take on a huge
burden of integrating people."
Dr. Garfinkel contends that ritual dancing may have been essential in
getting the work done in early agricultural communities. Hunters and
gatherers could go out and almost immediately have results they could
eat. Agriculture, by contrast, created a "delayed reward economy."
"Before the harvest, there are various tasks to accomplish: land
clearance, seeding and tending the fields," Dr. Garfinkel pointed out.
"Thus, the beginnings of agriculture involved a cognitive revolution
concerning the relationships between work investment and its final
product."
The new economy had to be understood and accepted. Festivals and
ceremonies, including ritual dancing, may then have invoked supernatural
powers to ensure a successful harvest if everyone pulled together. Nearly
all the depictions, Dr. Garfinkel said, showed dancers in groups.
Dr. Flannery said that Dr. Garfinkel was probably correct in relating the
reduction in the dance motif on pottery to the rise of civilizations
under kings, which occurred around 3000 B.C. with the Sumerians in
Mesopotamia, a land that is now southern Iraq, and not long afterward in
Egypt.
"Real authority, with people on top issuing orders that had to be obeyed,
had replaced the ritual dancing in integrating the community," he said.
In time, art reflected the new official reality, portraying the king and
his warriors and workers instead of dancers. Dr. Flannery offered a
modern analogy. In the Soviet Union, May Day was celebrated with an
official parade of arms on Red Square, a scene amply recorded on film,
while faraway villages still held their peasant dances, which were not
likely to be depicted in art.
In his research, Dr. Garfinkel found the earliest examples of the dancing
motif in art from two 9,000- year-old sites in the Middle East.
Engraved on a stone basin, excavated at Nevali Cori in southeastern
Turkey, were three human figures in a line, faces forward, legs wide and
arms bent upward. The two outer figures are larger than the central one,
suggesting a scene of two dancing men flanking a woman. Only in a few
cases, mainly in art from early Egypt, Dr. Garfinkel said, are both sexes
seen dancing together.
At Dhuweila, a small camp site in Jordan, rock carvings depict a row of
four human figures holding hands. They have elongated necks and heads
that appear to be nonhuman. Dr. Garfinkel thinks they are wearing masks,
evidence for which has been found at other sites.
In later millenniums, most of the dance art has been found painted on
pottery, usually small vessels for eating and drinking. As Dr. Garfinkel
observed, the scenes emphasize dancing as a community activity. The focus
is on a line or circle of identical figures moving in the same direction,
indicating the importance of the group over the individual.
"Dance is thus an activity through which society instills collective
discipline in its members," he concluded.
The dances also appear to take place in the open; in the few examples
where some architectural elements are visible, the dance seems to be
outside them. And since most of the dancing figures appear as
silhouettes, it is possible the dance is being performed at night. Dr.
Garfinkel expressed surprise that no musical instruments are seen in the
motifs.
In his book, Dr. Garfinkel acknowledged that not every question
concerning early dancing could be answered. "Only a rough general outline
can be reconstructed," he wrote.
He also noted that the dancing scenes on pottery were made by local
potters to be used by members of the same community. The images must have
had immediate and contemporary meaning. Since the images reflected inside
knowledge, he said, "it is justifiable to consider the dancing scenes as
authentic documentation of dance activity."
Dr. Moore, the Rochester archaeologist, said it might take time to judge
the new interpretation. Although he found "the proposition an intriguing
one," he said, scholars will probably debate its pros and cons for
several years until someone comes up with more research that supports or
sweeps away the hypothesis.
Such is the usual practice in the scholarship of prehistory, the attempt
to reconstruct a dim past from a few stones and shards, some of which may
reveal people dancing in the dark through the seasons of life and toil in
early agricultural communities.
Copyright 2001 The New York Times Company
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