4 Some examples of more expressive systems

4.4 Formal Languages

Logic can be viewed as a special case of formal language theory that has a strong inference machinery (and its own particular history). Formal languages encompass a variety of systems of different expressive ability, but are all formal entities following syntactic rules. Frequently expressions are closely related to tree-structures.

Example applications:

Genetic Programming - this is similar to normal genetic algorithms except that the genotype is an expression (usually a program) from a specified formal language. This is then evolved using fitness based selection and a tree version of cross-over. See [4].
L-systems - Lindenmayer systems; a system of formal grammars to model fractal biological growth. See [3].

The Role of Expressiveness in Modelling Structural Change - Bruce Edmonds - 16 MAY 96

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