;;; version hacked by Bruce Edmonds for Introduction to Social Simulation Course April 2012 globals [ possible-colors ] breed [agents agent] agents-own [ time-since-last-interaction happiness target-other] ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; setup-procedure ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to setup clear-all set possible-colors sublist (remove black base-colors) 0 num-colors create-agents population [ set time-since-last-interaction 0 set happiness 0 set size 4 setxy random-xcor random-ycor set color one-from possible-colors ] ask agents [set target-other one-of others] reset-ticks end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; action ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to go ask agents [ ifelse any-near? and time-since-last-interaction >= wait-after-dislike [interact-with nearest] [wander-around] wobble set time-since-last-interaction time-since-last-interaction + 1 ] tick end to interact-with [theother] ifelse similar-to-me theother [align-with theother set target-other theother set happiness happiness + 1 fd random 2] [set heading away theother set target-other one-of others set happiness happiness - 1 fd random 10] set time-since-last-interaction 0 end to wander-around if random-float 1 < dislike-loneliness [set heading towards target-other] fd random 5 end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; useful procedures ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to-report similar-to-me [theother] report shade-of? color [color] of theother end to align-with [theother] set heading [heading] of theother end to wobble rt random wobble-degree lt random wobble-degree end to-report away [ another ] report ( 180 + towards another ) end to-report any-near? report any? others with [distance myself < size-personal-space] end to-report others report agents with [self != myself] end to-report nearest report min-one-of others [distance myself] end to-report one-from [lst] report item random length lst lst end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 432 10 883 482 25 25 8.65 1 4 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -25 25 -25 25 0 0 1 ticks 30.0 BUTTON 13 11 80 44 NIL setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 BUTTON 16 95 79 128 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 PLOT 12 223 423 478 General Happiness tims happiness 0.0 10.0 0.0 20.0 true true "" "" PENS "Av" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot mean [happiness] of agents" "Min" 1.0 0 -11053225 true "" "plot min [happiness] of agents" "Max" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "" "plot max [happiness] of agents" SLIDER 11 52 209 85 population population 1 30 30 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 194 142 391 175 size-personal-space size-personal-space 0 50 4 0.5 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 15 141 188 174 wobble-degree wobble-degree 0 90 0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 194 182 392 215 dislike-loneliness dislike-loneliness 0 1 0.17 0.005 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 15 183 187 216 wait-after-dislike wait-after-dislike 0 20 2 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 224 53 396 86 num-colors num-colors 0 10 10 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL @#$#@#$#@ ## WHAT IS IT? This is a replication of Hemelrijk's DomWorld. It was written by Hagen Lehmann based on an earlier, less-complete replication by Jing Jing Wang. It is particularly replicating Hemelrijk's 2002 model of apparent sexual favors extended to females when they are fertile. This model is slightly modified from one published in 2007, among other things it runs in NetLogo 4.X (see below). ## HOW IT WORKS Hemelrijk's theory is that different social structures (e.g. despotic and egalitarian) are a consequence of the level of violence expressed when agents fight. The apparent favoritism showed to females when they are fertile is actually just a consequence of the fact males are attracted to them, so they get in more fights, so some of them wind up being higher ranking. ## HOW TO USE IT To run a single experiment, push the Setup button first, then push Go. To change the conditions of your experiment, you can do the following. Change the violence level by changing "intensity of aggression". Hemelrijk uses a value of 1 for despotic species, and .1 for egalitarian ones. Change whether males are attracted to females by turning the "attraction" switch on or off. Change the number of individuals in the troop by changing "population". This is really only half the population -- if you choose 4 (like we did for the paper below) then you will have 4 males and 4 females. ## THINGS TO NOTICE Please see the papers listed below. "girls beating boys" is a bit of a misleading name -- it is really the sum over all females of the number of males that each female outranks, so this number may be a lot larger than the total number of males. For example, if there were four males and four females and all the females outranked all the males, this number would be 16. ## HOW TO GET THE RESULTS IN OUR PAPER There are two different ways of obtaining data from the model. In the model code itself are commented lines which need to be uncommented in order to save the data into a file. The lines are clearly marked ("uncomment to save data"). After having done this, the model will produce a data file (.csv). The file will in the first three lines contain information about the experimental setup and 11 data columns. The first column contains the number of measurement points. The 2nd - 5th column represent the dominance value for each of the females for each measurement point. The 6th - 9th column represent the dominance values for the male agents. The 10th column is the domiance variation coefficient and the 11th column represents the number of female initiated dominance interactions. These are the variables we used to analyse the simulation. In case the user wants to be more flexible about the variables she wants to measure and has experience with NetLogo, there is a second way to extract the data from the model. NetLogo has an inbuild data recording tool. It is called BehaviorSpace and can be found under "Tools". Please see the Netlogo User Manual for a good explanation how it works. ## ANALYSIS Our analysis showed this is not a very good model of primate social behavior. First, females only became more dominant some of the time they were attractive, and then because they fought more, and they stayed dominant after they were no longer attractive. In real primates, females are subject to *less* aggression when they are fertile, and return to their original rank immediately afterwards. This "original rank" is another large problem with this model. In most primate species, a female's rank is determined entirely by her mother's rank and her own birth order. On very rare occassions an entire matrilinial line will change order, but this is really an exceptional event. This may be a better model of species like chimpanzees, but for macaques (a widely-used model genus for studying primate social order) it is not realistic. ## RELATED MODELS The DomWorld model was originally called MIRROR, and created under the direction of Hemelrijk's PhD supervisor, Paulien Hogeweg, who used it to study bee social organisation. Yasushi Ando also created a replication of Hemelrijk which is featured in our 2007 paper, it is written in SmallTalk, not NetLogo. See http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/~jjb/web/primates/DomWorld.html for a copy. Hagen Lehmann also has his own models of primate social organisation, most of which are in NetLogo. See his web page http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/hl/ under "publications". Ellen Evers is working on new primate models. See her web page http://www.bio.uu.nl/behaviour/Evers/main.html Joanna Bryson has other models of primate behavior, see http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/~jjb/web/primates/primate-learning.html ## CREDITS AND REFERENCES This code was started by JingJing Wang at Bath for her MSc in 2003. Hagen Lehmann also of Bath improved the model in 2005, and then adopted it for NetLogo 4 in 2007. Ellen Evers of Utrecht checked the code and found & corrected some minor errors in 2008. These errors didn't affect the gross DomWorld dynamics. See code for details. This research was funded by The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Grant GR/S79299/01 (AIBACS); JJ Bryson PI (Bath). The analysis was helped greatly by a research visit funded by the British Council Alliance: Franco-British Partnership Programme , ``Origins of Egalitarianism: Improving our understanding primate society through modelling two organizational norms for various species of Macaque'', with Bernard Thierry, Centre d'Ecologie, Physiologie & Ethologie). Our papers below are available from http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/~jjb/web/primates/DomWorld.html Joanna J. Bryson, Yasushi Ando and Hagen Lehmann ``Agent-based modelling as scientific method: a case study analysing primate social behaviour'', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B -- Biology, 362(1485):1685-1698, September 2007. Hagen Lehmann, JingJing Wang and Joanna J. Bryson, ``Tolerance and Sexual Attraction in Despotic Societies: A Replication and Analysis of Hemelrijk (2002)'', in Modelling Natural Action Selection: Proceedings of an International Workshop, J. J. Bryson, T. J. Prescott and A. K. Seth, eds., pp. 135-142, AISB, Sussex UK, 2005. Hemelrijk, C. K. 2002a Despotic societies, sexual attraction and the emergence of male `tolerance': an agent-based model. Behaviour 139, 729-747 Hogeweg, P. & Hesper, B. 1983 The ontogeny of the interaction structure in bumble bee colonies: a MIRROR model. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12, 271-283. ## LICENSE This is free, open-source software distributed under the terms of the MIT License, http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php Copyright (c) 2007 Hagen Lehmann Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. ## THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 ant true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 136 61 129 46 144 30 119 45 124 60 114 82 97 37 132 10 93 36 111 84 127 105 172 105 189 84 208 35 171 11 202 35 204 37 186 82 177 60 180 44 159 32 170 44 165 60 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 95 135 103 139 117 125 149 137 180 135 196 150 204 166 195 161 180 174 150 158 116 164 102 Polygon -7500403 true true 149 186 128 197 114 232 134 270 149 282 166 270 185 232 171 195 149 186 Polygon -7500403 true true 225 66 230 107 159 122 161 127 234 111 236 106 Polygon -7500403 true true 78 58 99 116 139 123 137 128 95 119 Polygon -7500403 true true 48 103 90 147 129 147 130 151 86 151 Polygon -7500403 true true 65 224 92 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